Clay-reinforced nanocomposites for the slow release of chemical fertilizers and water retention
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29252/jcc.2.2.4Keywords:
Clay nanocomposites, Slow release, Controlled release, FertilizerAbstract
The present study includes an overview of the applications of clay-based nanocomposites over the past decade to date in various fields such as pharmaceuticals, water treatment, food packaging, electricity, automotive, and especially the production of chemical fertilizers with water retention and slow release. In the agricultural area, one of the promising materials that help green chemical engineering and green chemistry is slow-release fertilizer (SRF). Clay minerals and also clay nanocomposites provide cost-effective and efficient material for this purpose. In this paper, the research and development of polymer nanocomposites based on clay in recent years with the focus on their application as novel fertilizers have been reviewed. Clay minerals are promising reinforcements to manufacture high-performance, lightweight, and low-cost nanocomposites because of their abundance, layered structure, low cost, and rich intercalation chemistry.
References
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E. Günister, D. Pestreli, C.H. Ünlü, O. At?c?, N. Güngör, Synthesis and charac-terization of chitosan-MMT biocomposite systems, Carbohydrate Polymers 67(3) (2007) 358-365.
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Y. Rao, Gelatin–clay nanocomposites of improved properties, Polymer 48(18) (2007) 5369-5375.
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E.I. Unuabonah, A. Taubert, Clay–polymer nanocomposites (CPNs): Adsor-bents of the future for water treatment, Applied Clay Science 99 (2014) 83-92.
S.A. Hosseini, M. Vossoughi, N.M. Mahmoodi, M. Sadrzadeh, Clay-based electrospun nanofibrous membranes for colored wastewater treatment, Applied Clay Science 168 (2019) 77-86.
M.E. Trenkel, Slow-and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers: An op-tion for enhancing nutrient use efficiency in agriculture, IFA, International fertiliz-er industry association2010.
M. Sultan, A. Abdelhakim, M. Nassar, Cellulose-Based Hydrogels as Smart, Green and Controllable Nitrogenous Fertilizers Releasing Agents, Journal of Test-ing and Evaluation 49(4) (2019).
B. Zhao, S. Dong, J. Zhang, P. Liu, Effects of controlled-release fertiliser on nitrogen use efficiency in summer maize, PloS one 8(8) (2013).
J. Li, X. Zhuang, O. Font, N. Moreno, V.R. Vallejo, X. Querol, A. Tobias, Synthesis of merlinoite from Chinese coal fly ashes and its potential utilization as slow release K-fertilizer, Journal of hazardous materials 265 (2014) 242-252.
A. Bortolin, F.A. Aouada, L.H. Mattoso, C. Ribeiro, Nanocomposite PAAm/methyl cellulose/montmorillonite hydrogel: evidence of synergistic effects for the slow release of fertilizers, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 61(31) (2013) 7431-7439.
L. Bazli, M.H. Bagherian, M. Karrabi, F. Abbassi?Sourki, H. Azizi, Effect of starch ratio and compatibilization on the viscoelastic behavior of POE/starch blends, Journal of Applied Polymer Science (2019) 48877.
T.S. Daitx, M. Giovanela, L.N. Carli, R.S. Mauler, Biodegradable polymer/clay systems for highly controlled release of NPK fertilizer, Polymers for Ad-vanced Technologies 30(3) (2019) 631-639.
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N. Sheng, M.C. Boyce, D.M. Parks, G. Rutledge, J. Abes, R. Cohen, Multi-scale micromechanical modeling of polymer/clay nanocomposites and the effec-tive clay particle, Polymer 45(2) (2004) 487-506.
C. Thellen, C. Orroth, D. Froio, D. Ziegler, J. Lucciarini, R. Farrell, N.A. D’Souza, J.A. Ratto, Influence of montmorillonite layered silicate on plasticized poly (l-lactide) blown films, Polymer 46(25) (2005) 11716-11727.
L. Bazli, A. Khavandi, M.A. Boutorabi, M. Karrabi, Morphology and visco-elastic behavior of silicone rubber/EPDM/Cloisite 15A nanocomposites based on Maxwell model, Iranian Polymer Journal 25(11) (2016) 907-918.
N. Xiaoyu, W. Yuejin, W. Zhengyan, W. Lin, Q. Guannan, Y. Lixiang, A nov-el slow-release urea fertiliser: Physical and chemical analysis of its structure and study of its release mechanism, Biosystems engineering 115(3) (2013) 274-282.
M. Rinaudo, Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications, Progress in polymer science 31(7) (2006) 603-632.
Q. Li, E. Dunn, E. Grandmaison, M.F. Goosen, Applications and properties of chitosan, Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 7(4) (1992) 370-397.
K. Haraguchi, Nanocomposite hydrogels, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 11(3-4) (2007) 47-54.
X. Wang, S. Lü, C. Gao, X. Xu, Y. Wei, X. Bai, C. Feng, N. Gao, M. Liu, L. Wu, Biomass-based multifunctional fertilizer system featuring controlled-release nutrient, water-retention and amelioration of soil, RSC advances 4(35) (2014) 18382-18390.
K. Xing, X. Zhu, X. Peng, S. Qin, Chitosan antimicrobial and eliciting prop-erties for pest control in agriculture: a review, Agronomy for Sustainable Develop-
J.J. Perez, N.J. Francois, Chitosan-starch beads prepared by ionotropic gela-tion as potential matrices for controlled release of fertilizers, Carbohydrate poly-mers 148 (2016) 134-142.
D.Y. Wu, S. Meure, D. Solomon, Self-healing polymeric materials: a review of recent developments, Progress in polymer science 33(5) (2008) 479-522.
B.R. dos Santos, F.B. Bacalhau, T. dos Santos Pereira, C.F. Souza, R. Faez, Chitosan-montmorillonite microspheres: a sustainable fertilizer delivery system, Carbohydrate polymers 127 (2015) 340-346.
C.F. Souza, R. Faez, F.B. Bacalhau, M.F. Bacarin, T.S. Pereira, In situ mon-itoring of a controlled release of fertilizers in lettuce crop, Engenharia Agrícola 37(4) (2017) 656-664.
L.L. Messa, C.F. Souza, R. Faez, Spray-dried potassium nitrate-containing chitosan/montmorillonite microparticles as potential enhanced efficiency fertilizer, Polymer Testing 81 (2020) 106196.
M. George, T.E. Abraham, Polyionic hydrocolloids for the intestinal delivery of protein drugs: alginate and chitosan—a review, Journal of controlled release 114(1) (2006) 1-14.
Z. Wu, Y. Zhao, I. Kaleem, C. Li, Preparation of calcium–alginate micro-capsuled microbial fertilizer coating Klebsiella oxytoca Rs-5 and its performance under salinity stress, European journal of soil biology 47(2) (2011) 152-159.
A.L. Córdoba, L. Deladino, M. Martino, Effect of starch filler on calcium-algi-nate hydrogels loaded with yerba mate antioxidants, Carbohydrate polymers 95(1) (2013) 315-323.
Y. He, Z. Wu, L. Tu, Y. Han, G. Zhang, C. Li, Encapsulation and character-ization of slow-release microbial fertilizer from the composites of bentonite and alginate, Applied Clay Science 109 (2015) 68-75.
B. Singh, D. Sharma, R. Kumar, A. Gupta, Controlled release of the fungicide thiram from starch–alginate–clay based formulation, Applied Clay Science 45(1-2) (2009) 76-82.
D. Klemm, B. Heublein, H.P. Fink, A. Bohn, Cellulose: fascinating biopoly-mer and sustainable raw material, Angewandte chemie international edition 44(22) (2005) 3358-3393.
I. Siró, D. Plackett, Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materi-als: a review, Cellulose 17(3) (2010) 459-494.
D. Davidson, F.X. Gu, Materials for sustained and controlled release of nu-trients and molecules to support plant growth, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 60(4) (2012) 870-876.
S. Bajpai, M. Swarnkar, S. Ahuja, On-demand release of urea from a cellulos-ic hydrogel using a sprinkler based irrigation (SBI) model, Journal of Macromo-lecular Science, Part A 52(10) (2015) 779-785.
H. Li, Y. Zhou, W. Tu, J. Ye, Z. Zou, State?of?the?art progress in diverse het-erostructured photocatalysts toward promoting photocatalytic performance, Ad-vanced Functional Materials 25(7) (2015) 998-1013.
H.A. Essawy, M.B. Ghazy, F.A. El-Hai, M.F. Mohamed, Superabsorbent hy-drogels via graft polymerization of acrylic acid from chitosan-cellulose hybrid and their potential in controlled release of soil nutrients, International journal of bio-logical macromolecules 89 (2016) 144-151.
M. Fernández?Pérez, F. Garrido?Herrera, E. González?Pradas, M. Villafranca?Sánchez, F. Flores?Céspedes, Lignin and ethylcellulose as polymers in controlled release formulations of urea, Journal of applied polymer science 108(6) (2008) 3796-3803.
B. Ni, M. Liu, S. Lu, L. Xie, Y. Wang, Environmentally friendly slow-re-lease nitrogen fertilizer, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 59(18) (2011) 10169-10175.
B. Ni, M. Liu, S. Lü, L. Xie, Y. Wang, Multifunctional slow-release organic? inorganic compound fertilizer, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 58(23) (2010) 12373-12378.
Y. Verma, S. Datta, I.K. Mandal, D. Sarkar, Effect of phosphorus loaded or-ganically modified nanoclay-polymer composite on release and fixation of phos-phorus and its uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Journal of Pure and Ap-plied Microbiology 10(3) (2016) 2299-2306.
A. Rashidzadeh, A. Olad, Slow-released NPK fertilizer encapsulated by NaAlg-g-poly (AA-co-AAm)/MMT superabsorbent nanocomposite, Carbohy-drate polymers 114 (2014) 269-278.
Y.D. Noh, S. Komarneni, M. Park, Mineral-based slow release fertilizers: a review, Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 48(1) (2015) 1-7.
B. Ni, M. Liu, S. Lü, Multifunctional slow-release urea fertilizer from ethyl-cellulose and superabsorbent coated formulations, Chemical Engineering Journal 155(3) (2009) 892-898.
W. Wang, A. Wang, Synthesis, swelling behaviors, and slow?release charac-teristics of a guar gum?g?poly (sodium acrylate)/sodium humate superabsorbent, Journal of Applied polymer science 112(4) (2009) 2102-2111.
S. Al-Zahrani, Utilization of polyethylene and paraffin waxes as controlled de-livery systems for different fertilizers, Industrial & engineering chemistry research 39(2) (2000) 367-371.
R. Parish, Effect of coating thickness on spreader damage to encapsulated con-trolled-release fertilizer granules, Applied Engineering in Agriculture 17(4) (2001) 459.
A. Pakseresht, A. Javadi, E. Ghasali, A. Shahbazkhan, S. Shakhesi, Evaluation of hot corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings with graded intermediate layer and double ceramic top layer, Surface and Coatings Technology 288 (2016) 36-45.
A. Abouchenari et al. / Journal of Composites and Compounds 2 (2020) 85-91
A. Giroto, S. Fidélis, C. Ribeiro, Controlled release from hydroxyapatite nanoparticles incorporated into biodegradable, soluble host matrixes, Rsc Advanc-es 5(126) (2015) 104179-104186.
U. Shavit, M. Reiss, A. Shaviv, Wetting mechanisms of gel-based controlled-re-lease fertilizers, Journal of Controlled Release 88(1) (2003) 71-83.
S. Saadi, B. Nazari, Submission Title: Recent Developments and Applications of Nanocomposites in Solar Cells: a Review, Composites and Compounds 1(1) (2019).
S.S. Ray, M. Okamoto, New polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposites, 6 melt rheology and foam processing, Macromolecular materials and engineering (288; NUMB 12) (2003) 936-944.
Q. Zeng, A. Yu, G. Lu, D.R. Paul, Clay-based polymer nanocomposites: re-search and commercial development, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology 5(10) (2005) 1574-1592.
P.C. LeBaron, Z. Wang, T.J. Pinnavaia, Polymer-layered silicate nanocompos-ites: an overview, Applied clay science 15(1-2) (1999) 11-29.
T.J. Pinnavaia, G.W. Beall, Polymer-clay nanocomposites, John Wiley2000.
C. Kannan, R. Ramanujam, Comparative study on the mechanical and micro-structural characterisation of AA 7075 nano and hybrid nanocomposites produced by stir and squeeze casting, Journal of advanced research 8(4) (2017) 309-319.
R. Singh, V. Mahto, Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of polyacryl-amide graft starch/clay nanocomposite hydrogel system for enhanced oil recovery, Petroleum Science 14(4) (2017) 765-779.
M. Mousa, N.D. Evans, R.O. Oreffo, J.I. Dawson, Clay nanoparticles for re-generative medicine and biomaterial design: a review of clay bioactivity, Bioma-terials 159 (2018) 204-214.
S. Wu, A. Cheng, H. Hua, J. Shen, A study on structure and mechanical prop-erties of polyurethane/organic-montmorillonite nanocomposites, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 45(6) (2006) 685-689.
W. Chow, J. Teoh, L. Lim, Mechanical and hygrothermal aging study on poly-styrene/organo-montmorillonite nanocomposites, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 47(10) (2008) 1040-1045.
S.C. Tjong, Structural and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 53(3-4) (2006) 73-197.
S. Pavlidou, C. Papaspyrides, A review on polymer–layered silicate nanocom-posites, Progress in polymer science 33(12) (2008) 1119-1198.
G. Sposito, N.T. Skipper, R. Sutton, S.-h. Park, A.K. Soper, J.A. Greathouse, Surface geochemistry of the clay minerals, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96(7) (1999) 3358-3364.
M. Alexandre, P. Dubois, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: prepara-tion, properties and uses of a new class of materials, Materials Science and Engi-neering: R: Reports 28(1-2) (2000) 1-63.
L. Bazli, A. Khavandi, M.A. Boutorabi, M. Karrabi, Correlation between vis-coelastic behavior and morphology of nanocomposites based on SR/EPDM blends compatibilized by maleic anhydride, Polymer 113 (2017) 156-166.
G. Madhumitha, J. Fowsiya, S. Mohana Roopan, V.K. Thakur, Recent advanc-es in starch–clay nanocomposites, International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 23(4) (2018) 331-345.
J.M. Garces, D.J. Moll, J. Bicerano, R. Fibiger, D.G. McLeod, Polymeric nanocomposites for automotive applications, Advanced Materials 12(23) (2000) 1835-1839.
A.C. Lima, L.M. Jou, O.E. Barcia, I.C. Margarit-Mattos, Montmorillonite as corrosion protective pigment, Corrosion Science 141 (2018) 182-194.
A.M. Youssef, S.M. El-Sayed, Bionanocomposites materials for food packag-ing applications: Concepts and future outlook, Carbohydrate polymers 193 (2018) 19-27.
E. Asadi, A. Fassadi Chimeh, S. Hosseini, S. Rahimi, B. Sarkhosh, L. Bazli, R. Bashiri, A.H. Vakili Tahmorsati, A Review of Clinical Applications of Graphene Quantum Dot-based Composites, Composites and Compounds 1(1) (2019).
W. Paul, C.P. Sharma, Inorganic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery, Bio-integration of Medical Implant Materials, Elsevier2020, pp. 333-373.
J.-H. Chang, Y.U. An, D. Cho, E.P. Giannelis, Poly (lactic acid) nanocompos-ites: comparison of their properties with montmorillonite and synthetic mica (II), Polymer 44(13) (2003) 3715-3720.
S.H. Cypes, W.M. Saltzman, E.P. Giannelis, Organosilicate-polymer drug de-livery systems: controlled release and enhanced mechanical properties, Journal of controlled release 90(2) (2003) 163-169.
A. Kiersnowski, J. Pig?owski, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites based on poly (?-caprolactone), European polymer journal 40(6) (2004) 1199-1207.
E. Günister, D. Pestreli, C.H. Ünlü, O. At?c?, N. Güngör, Synthesis and charac-terization of chitosan-MMT biocomposite systems, Carbohydrate Polymers 67(3) (2007) 358-365.
C. Pérez, V. Alvarez, A. Vazquez, Creep behaviour of layered silicate/starch–polycaprolactone blends nanocomposites, Materials Science and Engineering: A 480(1-2) (2008) 259-265.
Y. Rao, Gelatin–clay nanocomposites of improved properties, Polymer 48(18) (2007) 5369-5375.
M.-Y. Chang, R.-S. Juang, Stability and catalytic kinetics of acid phosphatase immobilized on composite beads of chitosan and activated clay, Process Biochem-istry 39(9) (2004) 1087-1091.
M.-Y. Chang, R.-S. Juang, Use of chitosan–clay composite as immobilization support for improved activity and stability of ?-glucosidase, Biochemical Engi-neering Journal 35(1) (2007) 93-98.
M.-Y. Chang, H.-C. Kao, R.-S. Juang, Thermal inactivation and reactivity of ?-glucosidase immobilized on chitosan–clay composite, International journal of biological macromolecules 43(1) (2008) 48-53.
V.B. Yadav, R. Gadi, S. Kalra, Clay based nanocomposites for removal of heavy metals from water: A review, Journal of Environmental Management 232 (2019) 803-817.
E.I. Unuabonah, A. Taubert, Clay–polymer nanocomposites (CPNs): Adsor-bents of the future for water treatment, Applied Clay Science 99 (2014) 83-92.
S.A. Hosseini, M. Vossoughi, N.M. Mahmoodi, M. Sadrzadeh, Clay-based electrospun nanofibrous membranes for colored wastewater treatment, Applied Clay Science 168 (2019) 77-86.
M.E. Trenkel, Slow-and controlled-release and stabilized fertilizers: An op-tion for enhancing nutrient use efficiency in agriculture, IFA, International fertiliz-er industry association2010.
M. Sultan, A. Abdelhakim, M. Nassar, Cellulose-Based Hydrogels as Smart, Green and Controllable Nitrogenous Fertilizers Releasing Agents, Journal of Test-ing and Evaluation 49(4) (2019).
B. Zhao, S. Dong, J. Zhang, P. Liu, Effects of controlled-release fertiliser on nitrogen use efficiency in summer maize, PloS one 8(8) (2013).
J. Li, X. Zhuang, O. Font, N. Moreno, V.R. Vallejo, X. Querol, A. Tobias, Synthesis of merlinoite from Chinese coal fly ashes and its potential utilization as slow release K-fertilizer, Journal of hazardous materials 265 (2014) 242-252.
A. Bortolin, F.A. Aouada, L.H. Mattoso, C. Ribeiro, Nanocomposite PAAm/methyl cellulose/montmorillonite hydrogel: evidence of synergistic effects for the slow release of fertilizers, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 61(31) (2013) 7431-7439.
L. Bazli, M.H. Bagherian, M. Karrabi, F. Abbassi?Sourki, H. Azizi, Effect of starch ratio and compatibilization on the viscoelastic behavior of POE/starch blends, Journal of Applied Polymer Science (2019) 48877.
T.S. Daitx, M. Giovanela, L.N. Carli, R.S. Mauler, Biodegradable polymer/clay systems for highly controlled release of NPK fertilizer, Polymers for Ad-vanced Technologies 30(3) (2019) 631-639.
K. Yano, A. Usuki, A. Okada, T. Kurauchi, O. Kamigaito, Polymer Science Part A, Polymer Chemistry 31 (1993) 2493.
R. Bharadwaj, A. Mehrabi, C. Hamilton, C. Trujillo, M. Murga, R. Fan, A. Chavira, A. Thompson, Structure–property relationships in cross-linked polyester–clay nanocomposites, Polymer 43(13) (2002) 3699-3705.
N. Sheng, M.C. Boyce, D.M. Parks, G. Rutledge, J. Abes, R. Cohen, Multi-scale micromechanical modeling of polymer/clay nanocomposites and the effec-tive clay particle, Polymer 45(2) (2004) 487-506.
C. Thellen, C. Orroth, D. Froio, D. Ziegler, J. Lucciarini, R. Farrell, N.A. D’Souza, J.A. Ratto, Influence of montmorillonite layered silicate on plasticized poly (l-lactide) blown films, Polymer 46(25) (2005) 11716-11727.
L. Bazli, A. Khavandi, M.A. Boutorabi, M. Karrabi, Morphology and visco-elastic behavior of silicone rubber/EPDM/Cloisite 15A nanocomposites based on Maxwell model, Iranian Polymer Journal 25(11) (2016) 907-918.
N. Xiaoyu, W. Yuejin, W. Zhengyan, W. Lin, Q. Guannan, Y. Lixiang, A nov-el slow-release urea fertiliser: Physical and chemical analysis of its structure and study of its release mechanism, Biosystems engineering 115(3) (2013) 274-282.
M. Rinaudo, Chitin and chitosan: properties and applications, Progress in polymer science 31(7) (2006) 603-632.
Q. Li, E. Dunn, E. Grandmaison, M.F. Goosen, Applications and properties of chitosan, Journal of Bioactive and Compatible Polymers 7(4) (1992) 370-397.
K. Haraguchi, Nanocomposite hydrogels, Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 11(3-4) (2007) 47-54.
X. Wang, S. Lü, C. Gao, X. Xu, Y. Wei, X. Bai, C. Feng, N. Gao, M. Liu, L. Wu, Biomass-based multifunctional fertilizer system featuring controlled-release nutrient, water-retention and amelioration of soil, RSC advances 4(35) (2014) 18382-18390.
K. Xing, X. Zhu, X. Peng, S. Qin, Chitosan antimicrobial and eliciting prop-erties for pest control in agriculture: a review, Agronomy for Sustainable Develop-
J.J. Perez, N.J. Francois, Chitosan-starch beads prepared by ionotropic gela-tion as potential matrices for controlled release of fertilizers, Carbohydrate poly-mers 148 (2016) 134-142.
D.Y. Wu, S. Meure, D. Solomon, Self-healing polymeric materials: a review of recent developments, Progress in polymer science 33(5) (2008) 479-522.
B.R. dos Santos, F.B. Bacalhau, T. dos Santos Pereira, C.F. Souza, R. Faez, Chitosan-montmorillonite microspheres: a sustainable fertilizer delivery system, Carbohydrate polymers 127 (2015) 340-346.
C.F. Souza, R. Faez, F.B. Bacalhau, M.F. Bacarin, T.S. Pereira, In situ mon-itoring of a controlled release of fertilizers in lettuce crop, Engenharia Agrícola 37(4) (2017) 656-664.
L.L. Messa, C.F. Souza, R. Faez, Spray-dried potassium nitrate-containing chitosan/montmorillonite microparticles as potential enhanced efficiency fertilizer, Polymer Testing 81 (2020) 106196.
M. George, T.E. Abraham, Polyionic hydrocolloids for the intestinal delivery of protein drugs: alginate and chitosan—a review, Journal of controlled release 114(1) (2006) 1-14.
Z. Wu, Y. Zhao, I. Kaleem, C. Li, Preparation of calcium–alginate micro-capsuled microbial fertilizer coating Klebsiella oxytoca Rs-5 and its performance under salinity stress, European journal of soil biology 47(2) (2011) 152-159.
A.L. Córdoba, L. Deladino, M. Martino, Effect of starch filler on calcium-algi-nate hydrogels loaded with yerba mate antioxidants, Carbohydrate polymers 95(1) (2013) 315-323.
Y. He, Z. Wu, L. Tu, Y. Han, G. Zhang, C. Li, Encapsulation and character-ization of slow-release microbial fertilizer from the composites of bentonite and alginate, Applied Clay Science 109 (2015) 68-75.
B. Singh, D. Sharma, R. Kumar, A. Gupta, Controlled release of the fungicide thiram from starch–alginate–clay based formulation, Applied Clay Science 45(1-2) (2009) 76-82.
D. Klemm, B. Heublein, H.P. Fink, A. Bohn, Cellulose: fascinating biopoly-mer and sustainable raw material, Angewandte chemie international edition 44(22) (2005) 3358-3393.
I. Siró, D. Plackett, Microfibrillated cellulose and new nanocomposite materi-als: a review, Cellulose 17(3) (2010) 459-494.
D. Davidson, F.X. Gu, Materials for sustained and controlled release of nu-trients and molecules to support plant growth, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 60(4) (2012) 870-876.
S. Bajpai, M. Swarnkar, S. Ahuja, On-demand release of urea from a cellulos-ic hydrogel using a sprinkler based irrigation (SBI) model, Journal of Macromo-lecular Science, Part A 52(10) (2015) 779-785.
H. Li, Y. Zhou, W. Tu, J. Ye, Z. Zou, State?of?the?art progress in diverse het-erostructured photocatalysts toward promoting photocatalytic performance, Ad-vanced Functional Materials 25(7) (2015) 998-1013.
H.A. Essawy, M.B. Ghazy, F.A. El-Hai, M.F. Mohamed, Superabsorbent hy-drogels via graft polymerization of acrylic acid from chitosan-cellulose hybrid and their potential in controlled release of soil nutrients, International journal of bio-logical macromolecules 89 (2016) 144-151.
M. Fernández?Pérez, F. Garrido?Herrera, E. González?Pradas, M. Villafranca?Sánchez, F. Flores?Céspedes, Lignin and ethylcellulose as polymers in controlled release formulations of urea, Journal of applied polymer science 108(6) (2008) 3796-3803.
B. Ni, M. Liu, S. Lu, L. Xie, Y. Wang, Environmentally friendly slow-re-lease nitrogen fertilizer, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 59(18) (2011) 10169-10175.
B. Ni, M. Liu, S. Lü, L. Xie, Y. Wang, Multifunctional slow-release organic? inorganic compound fertilizer, Journal of agricultural and food chemistry 58(23) (2010) 12373-12378.
Y. Verma, S. Datta, I.K. Mandal, D. Sarkar, Effect of phosphorus loaded or-ganically modified nanoclay-polymer composite on release and fixation of phos-phorus and its uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), Journal of Pure and Ap-plied Microbiology 10(3) (2016) 2299-2306.
A. Rashidzadeh, A. Olad, Slow-released NPK fertilizer encapsulated by NaAlg-g-poly (AA-co-AAm)/MMT superabsorbent nanocomposite, Carbohy-drate polymers 114 (2014) 269-278.
Y.D. Noh, S. Komarneni, M. Park, Mineral-based slow release fertilizers: a review, Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer 48(1) (2015) 1-7.
B. Ni, M. Liu, S. Lü, Multifunctional slow-release urea fertilizer from ethyl-cellulose and superabsorbent coated formulations, Chemical Engineering Journal 155(3) (2009) 892-898.
W. Wang, A. Wang, Synthesis, swelling behaviors, and slow?release charac-teristics of a guar gum?g?poly (sodium acrylate)/sodium humate superabsorbent, Journal of Applied polymer science 112(4) (2009) 2102-2111.
S. Al-Zahrani, Utilization of polyethylene and paraffin waxes as controlled de-livery systems for different fertilizers, Industrial & engineering chemistry research 39(2) (2000) 367-371.
R. Parish, Effect of coating thickness on spreader damage to encapsulated con-trolled-release fertilizer granules, Applied Engineering in Agriculture 17(4) (2001) 459.
A. Pakseresht, A. Javadi, E. Ghasali, A. Shahbazkhan, S. Shakhesi, Evaluation of hot corrosion behavior of plasma sprayed thermal barrier coatings with graded intermediate layer and double ceramic top layer, Surface and Coatings Technology 288 (2016) 36-45.
A. Abouchenari et al. / Journal of Composites and Compounds 2 (2020) 85-91
A. Giroto, S. Fidélis, C. Ribeiro, Controlled release from hydroxyapatite nanoparticles incorporated into biodegradable, soluble host matrixes, Rsc Advanc-es 5(126) (2015) 104179-104186.
U. Shavit, M. Reiss, A. Shaviv, Wetting mechanisms of gel-based controlled-re-lease fertilizers, Journal of Controlled Release 88(1) (2003) 71-83.
S. Saadi, B. Nazari, Submission Title: Recent Developments and Applications of Nanocomposites in Solar Cells: a Review, Composites and Compounds 1(1) (2019).
S.S. Ray, M. Okamoto, New polylactide/layered silicate nanocomposites, 6 melt rheology and foam processing, Macromolecular materials and engineering (288; NUMB 12) (2003) 936-944.
Q. Zeng, A. Yu, G. Lu, D.R. Paul, Clay-based polymer nanocomposites: re-search and commercial development, Journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology 5(10) (2005) 1574-1592.
P.C. LeBaron, Z. Wang, T.J. Pinnavaia, Polymer-layered silicate nanocompos-ites: an overview, Applied clay science 15(1-2) (1999) 11-29.
T.J. Pinnavaia, G.W. Beall, Polymer-clay nanocomposites, John Wiley2000.
C. Kannan, R. Ramanujam, Comparative study on the mechanical and micro-structural characterisation of AA 7075 nano and hybrid nanocomposites produced by stir and squeeze casting, Journal of advanced research 8(4) (2017) 309-319.
R. Singh, V. Mahto, Synthesis, characterization and evaluation of polyacryl-amide graft starch/clay nanocomposite hydrogel system for enhanced oil recovery, Petroleum Science 14(4) (2017) 765-779.
M. Mousa, N.D. Evans, R.O. Oreffo, J.I. Dawson, Clay nanoparticles for re-generative medicine and biomaterial design: a review of clay bioactivity, Bioma-terials 159 (2018) 204-214.
S. Wu, A. Cheng, H. Hua, J. Shen, A study on structure and mechanical prop-erties of polyurethane/organic-montmorillonite nanocomposites, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 45(6) (2006) 685-689.
W. Chow, J. Teoh, L. Lim, Mechanical and hygrothermal aging study on poly-styrene/organo-montmorillonite nanocomposites, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 47(10) (2008) 1040-1045.
S.C. Tjong, Structural and mechanical properties of polymer nanocomposites, Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 53(3-4) (2006) 73-197.
S. Pavlidou, C. Papaspyrides, A review on polymer–layered silicate nanocom-posites, Progress in polymer science 33(12) (2008) 1119-1198.
G. Sposito, N.T. Skipper, R. Sutton, S.-h. Park, A.K. Soper, J.A. Greathouse, Surface geochemistry of the clay minerals, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 96(7) (1999) 3358-3364.
M. Alexandre, P. Dubois, Polymer-layered silicate nanocomposites: prepara-tion, properties and uses of a new class of materials, Materials Science and Engi-neering: R: Reports 28(1-2) (2000) 1-63.
L. Bazli, A. Khavandi, M.A. Boutorabi, M. Karrabi, Correlation between vis-coelastic behavior and morphology of nanocomposites based on SR/EPDM blends compatibilized by maleic anhydride, Polymer 113 (2017) 156-166.
G. Madhumitha, J. Fowsiya, S. Mohana Roopan, V.K. Thakur, Recent advanc-es in starch–clay nanocomposites, International Journal of Polymer Analysis and Characterization 23(4) (2018) 331-345.
J.M. Garces, D.J. Moll, J. Bicerano, R. Fibiger, D.G. McLeod, Polymeric nanocomposites for automotive applications, Advanced Materials 12(23) (2000) 1835-1839.
A.C. Lima, L.M. Jou, O.E. Barcia, I.C. Margarit-Mattos, Montmorillonite as corrosion protective pigment, Corrosion Science 141 (2018) 182-194.
A.M. Youssef, S.M. El-Sayed, Bionanocomposites materials for food packag-ing applications: Concepts and future outlook, Carbohydrate polymers 193 (2018) 19-27.
E. Asadi, A. Fassadi Chimeh, S. Hosseini, S. Rahimi, B. Sarkhosh, L. Bazli, R. Bashiri, A.H. Vakili Tahmorsati, A Review of Clinical Applications of Graphene Quantum Dot-based Composites, Composites and Compounds 1(1) (2019).
W. Paul, C.P. Sharma, Inorganic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery, Bio-integration of Medical Implant Materials, Elsevier2020, pp. 333-373.
J.-H. Chang, Y.U. An, D. Cho, E.P. Giannelis, Poly (lactic acid) nanocompos-ites: comparison of their properties with montmorillonite and synthetic mica (II), Polymer 44(13) (2003) 3715-3720.
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