1 Developments in strontium-doped calcium phosphate composite scaffolds for dental applications and bone tissue engineering 1 This review shows the potential of strontium-doped calcium phosphate (Sr/CaP) scaffolds in dental and bone tissue engineering. Sr enhances bone regeneration by stimulating osteoblast activity and inhibiting osteoclasts, while also improving the scaffolds' mechanical strength, bioactivity, and corrosion resistance. Despite some changes in crystal structure and setting time, surface modifications optimize scaffold performance. In vitro and in vivo studies confirm that Sr/CaP scaffolds promote cell proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and new bone formation, making them promising bioactive materials for bone defect repair and implant design. 1 9 Faezeh Khan Ahmadi Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Kashan, Kashan, P.O. Box 87317-53153, Iran Iran Khan.Ahmadi.F24@gmail.com Ketevan Mikeladze BAU International University, Batumi School of Medicine and Health Science Georgia anukachx@gmail.com Strontium (Sr) Scaffolds Calcium phosphate Composite Bone tissue engineering Dental Application [1] S.A. Mosaddad, M. Yazdanian, H. Tebyanian, E. Tahmasebi, A. Yazdanian, A. Seifalian, M. Tavakolizadeh, Fabrication and properties of developed collagen/strontium-doped Bioglass scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, Journal of Materials Research and Technology 9(6) (2020) 14799-14817.##[2] X. Zhang, X. Wang, Y.-w. Lee, L. Feng, B. Wang, Q. Pan, X. Meng, H. Cao, L. Li, H. Wang, Bioactive scaffold fabricated by 3D printing for enhancing osteoporotic bone regeneration, Bioengineering 9(10) (2022) 525.##[3] B.W. de Wildt, E.E. Cramer, L.S. de Silva, K. Ito, D. Gawlitta, S. Hofmann, Evaluating material-driven regeneration in a tissue engineered human in vitro bone defect model, Bone 166 (2023) 116597.##[4] A. Shirbacheh, k. shirbacheh, K. Shirbache, M. Karbalaee, Natural Biomaterial Composites for Tissue Engineering: Challenges and Opportunities, Journal of Composites and Compounds 6(20) (2024).##[5] C.R. Black, V. Goriainov, D. Gibbs, J. Kanczler, R.S. Tare, R.O. Oreffo, Bone tissue engineering, Current molecular biology reports 1(3) (2015) 132-140.##[6] J. Hohlfeld, A. de Buys Roessingh, N. Hirt-Burri, P. Chaubert, S. Gerber, C. Scaletta, P. Hohlfeld, L.A. Applegate, Tissue engineered fetal skin constructs for paediatric burns, The Lancet 366(9488) (2005) 840-842.##[7] T. Mahmoudi Alashti, K. Mikeladze, Corrosion Behavior Modeling and Montel Carlo simulation of a Biomedical Ti–Zr–Nb–Ta Alloy for Dental Applications, Journal of Composites and Compounds (In press) 7(23) (2025).##[8] M.M. Abdalla, O. Sayed, C.Y.K. Lung, V. Rajasekar, C.K.Y. Yiu, Applications of Bioactive Strontium Compounds in Dentistry, Journal of Functional Biomaterials 15(8) (2024) 216.##[9] O. Téclès, P. Laurent, V. Aubut, I. About, Human tooth culture: a study model for reparative dentinogenesis and direct pulp capping materials biocompatibility, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials: An Official Journal of the Society for Biomaterials, the Japanese Society for Biomaterials, and the Australian Society for Biomaterials and the Korean Society for Biomaterials 85(1) (2008) 180-187 .##[10] R.M. Schek, E.N. Wilke, S.J. Hollister, P.H. Krebsbach, Combined use of designed scaffolds and adenoviral gene therapy for skeletal tissue engineering, Biomaterials 27(7) (2006) 1160-1166 .##[11] J.P. Li, P. Habibovic, M. van den Doel, C.E. Wilson, J.R. de Wijn, C.A. van Blitterswijk, K. de Groot, Bone ingrowth in porous titanium implants produced by 3D fiber deposition, Biomaterials 28(18) (2007) 2810-2820 .##[12] W. Sonoyama, Y. Liu, T. Yamaza, R.S. Tuan, S. Wang, S. Shi, G.T.-J. Huang, Characterization of the apical papilla and its residing stem cells from human immature permanent teeth: a pilot study, Journal of endodontics 34(2) (2008) 166-171.##[13] H.H. Xu, M.D. Weir, C.G. Simon, Injectable and strong nano-apatite scaffolds for cell/growth factor delivery and bone regeneration, Dental Materials 24(9) (2008) 1212-1222 .##[14] G.T.-J. Huang, W. Sonoyama, Y. Liu, H. Liu, S. Wang, S. Shi, The hidden treasure in apical papilla: the potential role in pulp/dentin regeneration and bioroot engineering, Journal of endodontics 34(6) (2008) 645-651.##[15] M. Khamehchi, A. Chkhenkeli, Influence of Ionic Size on the concentration of Ag+ and Zn2+ in Simulated Body Fluid: Modeling and Monte Carlo Simulation with Dental Applications, Journal of Composites and Compounds 6(21) (2024).##[16] G. Presbítero, D. Gutiérrez, W.R. Lemus-Martínez, J.F. Vilchez, P. García, A. Arizmendi-Morquecho, Assessment of quality in osteoporotic human trabecular bone and its relationship to mechanical properties, Applied sciences 11(12) (2021) 5479.##[17] T. Winkler, F. Sass, G. Duda, K. Schmidt-Bleek, A review of biomaterials in bone defect healing, remaining shortcomings and future opportunities for bone tissue engineering: The unsolved challenge, Bone and joint research 7(3) (2018) 232-243.##[18] A. Shahbaz, N. Tajbakhsh, A. Doroudi, F. Bakhshi, S. Ranjbar, Bredigite-containing materials for regenerative medicine applications: A rapid review, Journal of Composites and Compounds 5(16) (2023) 190-199.##[19] M. Nikandish, H. Alsayegh, M. Baneshi, Z. Mozaffarian, Integration of Magnetic Nanocomposites into Biomedical Imaging Platforms, Journal of Composites and Compounds 6(21) (2024).##[20] M. Dang, L. Saunders, X. Niu, Y. Fan, P.X. Ma, Biomimetic delivery of signals for bone tissue engineering, Bone research 6(1) (2018) 25.##[21] F. Sharifianjazi, A.H. Pakseresht, M. Shahedi Asl, A. Esmaeilkhanian, H. Nargesi khoramabadi, H. Won Jang, M. Shokouhimehr, Hydroxyapatite consolidated by zirconia: applications for dental implant, Journal of Composites and Compounds 2(2) (2020) 26-34.##[22] Z. Kheradmand, M. Rabiei, A. Noori Tahneh, E. Shirali, M. Abedi, B. Dashtipour, E. Barati, Targeted drug delivery by bone cements, Journal of Composites and Compounds 4(10) (2022) 59-73.##[23] N. khosravi, A. Moradi, F. Sharifianjazi, K. Tavamaishvili, A. Bakhtiari, A. Mohammadi, A Review of samarium-containing bioactive glasses: biomedical applications, Journal of Composites and Compounds 7(22) (2025).##[24] M. Azamian Jazi, S.A. Haddadi, A. Ramazani Saadat Abadi, F. Azamian, A Poly (vinyl acetate)/Colloidal SiO2 Nanocomposite Synthesized by Emulsion Polymerization and Study of Its Mechanical, Thermal and Rheological Properties, Iranian Journal of Polymer Science and Technology 30(2) (2017) 151-161.[25] G. Fernandez de Grado, L. Keller, Y. Idoux-Gillet, Q. Wagner, A.-M. Musset, N. Benkirane-Jessel, F. Bornert, D. Offner, Bone substitutes: a review of their characteristics, clinical use, and perspectives for large bone defects management, Journal of tissue engineering 9 (2018) 2041731418776819.##[26] W.P. M.H. Ross, Histology: A Text and Atlas: With Correlated Cell and Molecular Biology, Lippincott Wiliams and Wilkins, PA. USA, 2006.##[27] V. Šromová, D. Sobola, P. Kaspar, A brief review of bone cell function and importance, Cells 12(21) (2023) 2576.##[28] R. Villa, G. Polimeni, U.M. Wikesjö, Implant osseointegration in the absence of primary bone anchorage: A clinical report, The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 104(5) (2010) 282-287.##[29] A.L. Rossi, S. Moldovan, W. Querido, A. Rossi, J. Werckmann, O. Ersen, M. Farina, Effect of strontium ranelate on bone mineral: analysis of nanoscale compositional changes, Micron 56 (2014) 29-36.##[30] A. Doublier, D. Farlay, Y. Bala, G. Boivin, Strontium does not affect the intrinsic bone quality at tissue and BSU levels in iliac samples from Macaca fascicularis monkeys, Bone 64 (2014) 18-24.##[31] S. Pasqualetti, G. Banfi, M. Mariotti, The effects of strontium on skeletal development in zebrafish embryo, Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology 27(4) (2013) 375-379.##[32] M.M. Abdalla, O. Sayed, C.Y.K. Lung, V. Rajasekar, C.K.Y. Yiu, Applications of Bioactive Strontium Compounds in Dentistry, J Funct Biomater 15(8) (2024).##[33] M.-D. Yan, Y.-J. Ou, Y.-J. Lin, R.-M. Liu, Y. Fang, W.-L. Wu, L. Zhou, X. Yao, J. Chen, Does the incorporation of strontium into calcium phosphate improve bone repair? A meta-analysis, BMC Oral Health 22(1) (2022) 62.##[34] G. Borciani, G. Ciapetti, C. Vitale-Brovarone, N. Baldini, Strontium functionalization of biomaterials for bone tissue engineering purposes: a biological point of view, Materials 15(5) (2022) 1724.##[35] B. Kołodziejska, N. Stępień, J. Kolmas, The Influence of Strontium on Bone Tissue Metabolism and Its Application in Osteoporosis Treatment, Int J Mol Sci 22(12) (2021).##[36] S.P. Nielsen, The biological role of strontium, Bone 35(3) (2004) 583-588.##[37] F. Liang, H. Leland, B. Jedrzejewski, A. Auslander, S. Maniskas, J. Swanson, M. Urata, J. Hammoudeh, W. Magee III, Alternatives to autologous bone graft in alveolar cleft reconstruction: the state of alveolar tissue engineering, Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 29(3) (2018) 584-593.##[38] R.A. Jasser, A. AlSubaie, F. AlShehri, Effectiveness of beta-tricalcium phosphate in comparison with other materials in treating periodontal infra-bony defects around natural teeth: a systematic review and meta-analysis, BMC Oral Health 21(1) (2021) 219.##[39] P. Habibovic, J. Barralet, Bioinorganics and biomaterials: bone repair, Acta biomaterialia 7(8) (2011) 3013-3026.##[40] R. Zhao, S. Chen, W. Zhao, L. Yang, B. Yuan, V.S. Ioan, A.V. Iulian, X. Yang, X. Zhu, X. Zhang, A bioceramic scaffold composed of strontium-doped three-dimensional hydroxyapatite whiskers for enhanced bone regeneration in osteoporotic defects, Theranostics 10(4) (2020) 1572.##[41] Z. Tao, W. Zhou, Y. Jiang, X. Wu, Z. Xu, M. Yang, J. Xie, Effects of strontium-modified calcium phosphate cement combined with bone morphogenetic protein-2 on osteoporotic bone defects healing in rats, Journal of biomaterials applications 33(1) (2018) 3-10.##[42] C. Ehret, R. Aid-Launais, T. Sagardoy, R. Siadous, R. Bareille, S. Rey, S. Pechev, L. Etienne, J. Kalisky, E. de Mones, Strontium-doped hydroxyapatite polysaccharide materials effect on ectopic bone formation, PLoS One 12(9) (2017) e0184663.##[43] M. Ge, K. Ge, F. Gao, W. Yan, H. Liu, L. Xue, Y. Jin, H. Ma, J. Zhang, Biomimetic mineralized strontium-doped hydroxyapatite on porous poly (l-lactic acid) scaffolds for bone defect repair, International journal of nanomedicine (2018) 1707-1721.##[44] J. Zarins, M. Pilmane, E. Sidhoma, I. Salma, J. Locs, Immunohistochemical evaluation after Sr-enriched biphasic ceramic implantation in rabbits femoral neck: comparison of seven different bone conditions, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 29(8) (2018) 119.##[45] Y. Li, X. Shui, L. Zhang, J. Hu, Cancellous bone healing around strontium‐doped hydroxyapatite in osteoporotic rats previously treated with zoledronic acid, Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B: Applied Biomaterials 104(3) (2016) 476-481.##[46] H. Xie, Z. Gu, Y. He, J. Xu, C. Xu, L. Li, Q. Ye, Microenvironment construction of strontium–calcium-based biomaterials for bone tissue regeneration: the equilibrium effect of calcium to strontium, Journal of Materials Chemistry B 6(15) (2018) 2332-2339.##[47] B. Kołodziejska, N. Stępień, J. Kolmas, The influence of strontium on bone tissue metabolism and its application in osteoporosis treatment, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22(12) (2021) 6564.##[48] S. Su, W. Chen, M. Zheng, G. Lu, W. Tang, H. Huang, D. Qu, Facile fabrication of 3D-printed porous Ti6Al4V scaffolds with a Sr-CaP coating for bone regeneration, ACS omega 7(10) (2022) 8391-8402.##[49] L. Bauer, M. Antunović, G. Gallego-Ferrer, M. Ivanković, H. Ivanković, PCL-coated multi-substituted calcium phosphate bone scaffolds with enhanced properties, Materials 14(16) (2021) 4403.##[50] J.-E. Park, Y.-S. Jang, J.-B. Choi, T.-S. Bae, I.-S. Park, M.-H. Lee, Evaluation of corrosion behavior and in vitro of strontium-doped calcium phosphate coating on magnesium, Materials 14(21) (2021) 6625.##[51] R. Nasr Azadani, M. Sabbagh, H. Salehi, A. Cheshmi, A. Raza, B. Kumari, G. Erabi, Sol-gel: Uncomplicated, routine and affordable synthesis procedure for utilization of composites in drug delivery: Review, Journal of Composites and Compounds 3(6) (2021) 57-70 DOI: 10.52547/jcc.3.1.6.##[52] A. Anwar, Q. Kanwal, A. Sadiqa, T. Razaq, I.H. Khan, A. Javaid, S. Khan, E. Tag-Eldin, M. Ouladsmane, Synthesis and Antimicrobial Analysis of High Surface Area Strontium-Substituted Calcium Phosphate Nanostructures for Bone Regeneration, International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24(19) (2023) 14527.##[53] R.L. Oliveira, M.C. Ferraz, L.M. Cardoso, Z. Li, A.P.F. Albers, M.C. Bottino, E.S. Trichês, 3D printing of strontium-enriched biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds for bone regeneration, Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 160 (2024) 106717.##[54] H. Ye, J. Zhu, D. Deng, S. Jin, J. Li, Y. Man, Enhanced osteogenesis and angiogenesis by PCL/chitosan/Sr-doped calcium phosphate electrospun nanocomposite membrane for guided bone regeneration, Journal of Biomaterials Science, Polymer Edition 30(16) (2019) 1505-1522.##[55] P. Naruphontjirakul, S.L. Greasley, S. Chen, A.E. Porter, J.R. Jones, Monodispersed strontium containing bioactive glass nanoparticles and MC3T3-E1 cellular response, Biomedical glasses 2(1) (2016).##[56] P. Naruphontjirakul, A.E. Porter, J.R. Jones, In vitro osteogenesis by intracellular uptake of strontium containing bioactive glass nanoparticles, Acta Biomaterialia 66 (2018) 67-80.##[57] M. Zhang, K. Lin, J. Chang, Preparation and characterization of Sr–hardystonite (Sr2ZnSi2O7) for bone repair applications, Materials Science and Engineering: C 32(2) (2012) 184-188.##[58] S.R. Benhabbour, H. Sheardown, A. Adronov, Cell adhesion and proliferation on hydrophilic dendritically modified surfaces, Biomaterials 29(31) (2008) 4177-4186.##[59] X. Zhao, D. Xiong, Y. Liu, Improving surface wettability and lubrication of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) by combining with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 82 (2018) 27-34.##[60] C. Liang, X. Xiong, R. Cui, Y. Hong, X. Liu, G. Zhao, L. Ye, S. Qu, Reconstruction of surface porous PEEK decorated with strontium-doped calcium phosphate coatings for enhancing osteogenic activity, Journal of Bionic Engineering 18(4) (2021) 927-943.##[61] P. Pereira, A.S. Neto, A.S. Rodrigues, I. Barros, C. Miranda, J. Ramalho-Santos, L. Pereira de Almeida, J.M. Ferreira, J.F. Coelho, A.C. Fonseca, In vitro evaluation of biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds derived from cuttlefish bone coated with poly (ester urea) for bone tissue regeneration, Polymers 15(10) (2023) 2256.##[62] Z. Geng, R. Wang, X. Zhuo, Z. Li, Y. Huang, L. Ma, Z. Cui, S. Zhu, Y. Liang, Y. Liu, Incorporation of silver and strontium in hydroxyapatite coating on titanium surface for enhanced antibacterial and biological properties, Materials Science and Engineering: C 71 (2017) 852-861.##[63] Z. Geng, Z. Cui, Z. Li, S. Zhu, Y. Liang, Y. Liu, X. Li, X. He, X. Yu, R. Wang, Strontium incorporation to optimize the antibacterial and biological characteristics of silver-substituted hydroxyapatite coating, Materials Science and Engineering: C 58 (2016) 467-477.##[64] W. Querido, A.L. Rossi, M. Farina, The effects of strontium on bone mineral: A review on current knowledge and microanalytical approaches, Micron 80 (2016) 122-134.##[65] M. Liu, F. Zhang, P. Wang, J. Ming, B. Zuo, Preparation and characterization of silk fibroin/strontium carbonate film through rapid formation, Materials Letters 189 (2017) 46-49.##[66] Y. Cheng, L. Huang, Y. Wang, Q. Huo, Y. Shao, H. Bao, Z. Li, Y. Liu, X. Li, Strontium promotes osteogenic differentiation by activating autophagy via the the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in MC3T3-E1 cells, International journal of molecular medicine 44(2) (2019) 652-660.##[67] J. You, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Strontium functionalized in biomaterials for bone tissue engineering: A prominent role in osteoimmunomodulation, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 10 (2022) 928799.##[68] H. Xie, Q. Wang, Q. Ye, C. Wan, L. Li, Application of K/Sr co-doped calcium polyphosphate bioceramic as scaffolds for bone substitutes, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 23(4) (2012) 1033-1044.##[69] Z. Gu, H. Xie, L. Li, X. Zhang, F. Liu, X. Yu, Application of strontium-doped calcium polyphosphate scaffold on angiogenesis for bone tissue engineering, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 24(5) (2013) 1251-1260.##[70] S. Wang, L. Liu, X. Zhou, D. Yang, Z.a. Shi, Y. Hao, Effect of strontium-containing on the properties of Mg-doped wollastonite bioceramic scaffolds, Biomedical engineering online 18(1) (2019) 119.##[71] S. Pang, D. Wu, H. Yang, F. Kamutzki, J. Kurreck, A. Gurlo, D.A. Hanaor, Enhanced mechanical performance and bioactivity in strontium/copper co-substituted diopside scaffolds, Biomaterials Advances 145 (2023) 213230.##[72] S. Adzila, M. Murad, I. Sopyan, Doping metal into calcium phosphate phase for better performance of bone implant materials, Recent Patents on Materials Science 5(1) (2012) 18-47.##[73] S. Prasadh, R.C.W. Wong, Unraveling the mechanical strength of biomaterials used as a bone scaffold in oral and maxillofacial defects, Oral Science International 15(2) (2018) 48-55.##[74] R.A. Surmenev, M.A. Surmeneva, A.A. Ivanova, Significance of calcium phosphate coatings for the enhancement of new bone osteogenesis–a review, Acta biomaterialia 10(2) (2014) 557-579.##[75] A. Nouri, C. Wen, Introduction to surface coating and modification for metallic biomaterials, Surface coating and modification of metallic biomaterials (2015) 3-60 .##[76] A. Dehghanghadikolaei, B. Fotovvati, Coating techniques for functional enhancement of metal implants for bone replacement: a review, Materials 12(11) (2019) 1795.##[77] B. Van Hooreweder, Y. Apers, K. Lietaert, J.-P. Kruth, Improving the fatigue performance of porous metallic biomaterials produced by Selective Laser Melting, Acta biomaterialia 47 (2017) 193-202 .##[78] M. Schumacher, A. Henß, M. Rohnke, M. Gelinsky, A novel and easy-to-prepare strontium(II) modified calcium phosphate bone cement with enhanced mechanical properties, Acta Biomaterialia 9(7) (2013) 7536-7544.##[79] D. Guo, M. Mao, W. Qi, H. Li, P. Ni, G. Gao, K. Xu, The influence of Sr and H3PO4 concentration on the hydration of SrCaHA bone cement, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 22(12) (2011) 2631-2640.##[80] A. Bigi, E. Boanini, C. Capuccini, M. Gazzano, Strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite nanocrystals, Inorganica Chimica Acta 360(3) (2007) 1009-1016.##[81] J.S. Rabelo Neto, P.C. Ricardo, M.E.G. Valério, W. Xia, H. Engqvist, M.C. Fredel, The influence of strontium doping on the crystal morphology of synthetic calcium phosphates, Journal of Molecular Structure 1316 (2024) 139030.##[82] M.E. Zarif, B. Bita, S.A. Yehia-Alexe, I. Negut, A. Groza, Spectral Analysis of Strontium-Doped Calcium Phosphate/Chitosan Composite Films, Polymers, 2023.##[83] C.-J. Chung, H.-Y. Long, Systematic strontium substitution in hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium via micro-arc treatment and their osteoblast/osteoclast responses, Acta Biomaterialia 7(11) (2011) 4081-4087.##[84] C. Capuccini, P. Torricelli, F. Sima, E. Boanini, C. Ristoscu, B. Bracci, G. Socol, M. Fini, I.N. Mihailescu, A. Bigi, Strontium-substituted hydroxyapatite coatings synthesized by pulsed-laser deposition: In vitro osteoblast and osteoclast response, Acta Biomaterialia 4(6) (2008) 1885-1893.##[85] F. Olivier, N. Rochet, S. Delpeux-Ouldriane, J. Chancolon, V. Sarou-Kanian, F. Fayon, S. Bonnamy, Strontium incorporation into biomimetic carbonated calcium-deficient hydroxyapatite coated carbon cloth: Biocompatibility with human primary osteoblasts, Materials Science and Engineering: C 116 (2020) 111192.##[86] M. Martin-del-Campo, R. Rosales-Ibañez, K. Alvarado, J.G. Sampedro, C.A. Garcia-Sepulveda, S. Deb, J. San Román, L. Rojo, Strontium folate loaded biohybrid scaffolds seeded with dental pulp stem cells induce in vivo bone regeneration in critical sized defects, Biomaterials science 4(11) (2016) 1596-1604.##[87] H. Qin, Z. Yang, L. Li, X. Yang, J. Liu, X. Chen, X. Yu, A promising scaffold with excellent cytocompatibility and pro-angiogenesis action for dental tissue engineering: Strontium-doped calcium polyphosphate, Dental Materials Journal 35(2) (2016) 241-249.##[88] L. Cao, H. Su, M. Si, J. Xu, X. Chang, J. Lv, Y. Zhai, Tissue engineering in stomatology: a review of potential approaches for oral disease treatments, Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology 9 (2021) 662418.##[89] F. Liu, X. Zhang, X. Yu, Y. Xu, T. Feng, D. Ren, In vitro study in stimulating the secretion of angiogenic growth factors of strontium-doped calcium polyphosphate for bone tissue engineering, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine 22(3) (2011) 683-692.##[90] Y.-Y. Chen, S.-T. He, F.-H. Yan, P.-F. Zhou, K. Luo, Y.-D. Zhang, Y. Xiao, M.-K. Lin, Dental pulp stem cells express tendon markers under mechanical loading and are a potential cell source for tissue engineering of tendon-like tissue, International journal of oral science 8(4) (2016) 213-222.##[91] I. Lambrichts, R.B. Driesen, Y. Dillen, P. Gervois, J. Ratajczak, T. Vangansewinkel, E. Wolfs, A. Bronckaers, P. Hilkens, Dental pulp stem cells: their potential in reinnervation and angiogenesis by using scaffolds, Journal of endodontics 43(9) (2017) S12-S16.##[92] A.H. Taghvaei, F. Mosadeghian, S. Mosleh-Shirazi, A. Ebrahimi, M. Kaňuchová, V. Girman, J. Bednarčík, Z. Khosrowpour, M. Gholipourmalekabadi, M. Pahlevani, Fabrication and characterization of novel ZnO-loaded mesoporous bioactive glass nanospheres with enhanced physiochemical properties and biocompatibility for bone tissue engineering, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 626 (2024) 122781.##[93] K. Dzobo, N.E. Thomford, D.A. Senthebane, H. Shipanga, A. Rowe, C. Dandara, M. Pillay, K.S.C.M. Motaung, Advances in regenerative medicine and tissue engineering: innovation and transformation of medicine, Stem cells international 2018(1) (2018) 2495848.##[94] K. Dey, E. Roca, G. Ramorino, L. Sartore, Progress in the mechanical modulation of cell functions in tissue engineering, Biomaterials Science 8(24) (2020) 7033-7081.##[95] G. Pezzotti, Y. Enomoto, W. Zhu, M. Boffelli, E. Marin, B.J. McEntire, Surface toughness of silicon nitride bioceramics: I, Raman spectroscopy-assisted micromechanics, Journal of the mechanical behavior of biomedical materials 54 (2016) 328-345.##[96] L. Jin, P. Li, Y.C. Wang, L. Feng, R. Xu, D.B. Yang, X.H. Yao, Studies of superb microvascular imaging and contrast‐enhanced ultrasonography in the evaluation of vascularization in early bone regeneration, Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine 38(11) (2019) 2963-2971.##[97] C.I. van Houdt, M.K. Koolen, P.M. Lopez‐Perez, D.J. Ulrich, J.A. Jansen, S.C. Leeuwenburgh, H.H. Weinans, J.J. van den Beucken, Regenerating critical size rat segmental bone defects with a self‐healing hybrid nanocomposite hydrogel: effect of bone condition and BMP‐2 incorporation, Macromolecular Bioscience 21(8) (2021) 2100088.##[98] G. Gurel Pekozer, N. Abay Akar, A. Cumbul, T. Beyzadeoglu, G. Torun Kose, Investigation of vasculogenesis inducing biphasic scaffolds for bone tissue engineering, ACS Biomaterials Science and Engineering 7(4) (2021) 1526-1538.##[99] B. Thavornyutikarn, N. Chantarapanich, K. Sitthiseripratip, G.A. Thouas, Q. Chen, Bone tissue engineering scaffolding: computer-aided scaffolding techniques, Prog Biomater 3 (2014) 61-102 DOI: 10.1007/s40204-014-0026-7.##[100] U.U. Akobundu, I.H. Ifijen, P. Duru, J.C. Igboanugo, I. Ekanem, M. Fagbolade, A.S. Ajayi, M. George, B. Atoe, J.T. Matthews, Exploring the role of strontium-based nanoparticles in modulating bone regeneration and antimicrobial resistance: a public health perspective, RSC Advances 15(14) (2025) 10902-10957.##[101] D.K. Khajuria, R. Vasireddi, M. Trebbin, D. Karasik, R. Razdan, Novel therapeutic intervention for osteoporosis prepared with strontium hydroxyapatite and zoledronic acid: In vitro and pharmacodynamic evaluation, Materials Science and Engineering: C 71 (2017) 698-708.##[102] B. Hu, Z.D. Meng, Y.Q. Zhang, L.Y. Ye, C.J. Wang, W.C. Guo, Sr-HA scaffolds fabricated by SPS technology promote the repair of segmental bone defects, Tissue Cell 66 (2020) 101386.##[103] Q. Miao, N. Jiang, Q. Yang, I.M. Hussein, Z. Luo, L. Wang, S. Yang, Multi-stage controllable degradation of strontium-doped calcium sulfate hemihydrate-tricalcium phosphate microsphere composite as a substitute for osteoporotic bone defect repairing: degradation behavior and bone response, Biomedical Materials 17(1) (2021) 015014.##[104] J. You, Y. Zhang, Y. Zhou, Strontium Functionalized in Biomaterials for Bone Tissue Engineering: A Prominent Role in Osteoimmunomodulation, Front Bioeng Biotechnol 10 (2022) 928799